Codling Moth Information Support
System (CMISS)
Guide to Historical Codling Moth Events
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First Historical Record - Theophrastus (371 B.C.)
(J. Smotavac, 1963. The biology of the codling moth. NOLIT Publishing
House, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 97pp)
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1635 - Jean Goedaerdt of Netherlands published
the first account of Codling Moth and called this insect the "Pear Eater"
(Barnes, M. M. 1991. Tortricids in pome and stone
fruits: 5.1.1 Codling moth occurrence, host, race formation, and damage.
In: Tortiricid pests their biology, natural enemies and control, L.P.S.
Van Der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis (eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam)
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First Drawing of the Codling Moth - Jean
Goedaerdt (Netherlands) (Metamorphosis naturalis, 1665, Vol. I, p.
46)
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First Description: Linnaeus and his contemporaries
M. Lister (England), Johann-Leonard Frisch (Bavaria), and Reaumur (France)
(J. Smotavac, 1963. The biology of the codling moth. NOLIT Publishing
House, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 97pp)
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First Scientific Name: Tortrix pomonella by
Linnaeus (J. Smotavac, 1963. The biology
of the codling moth. NOLIT Publishing House, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 97pp).
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In 1747, B. Wilkes named this insect the "Codling
Moth" in his book "The English Moths and Butterflies" (Book I, Class
I, No. 9, P. 5)
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According to Slingerland (1898), codling moth
was a well known pest of pome fruit in New England (USA) as early as 1750.
This insect was probably introduced from Europe in packages containing
infested apples and pears (Slingerland,
M. V. 1898. Codling moth in New England in 1750.]. New York Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul.(Cornell)
142, 85-155)
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1758 - scientific name was changed to Phalaena
Tinea pomonella Linnaeus (Syst. Nat.
ed.10, Vol.1. p. 538).
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1830 - generic & specific status changed -
Carpocapsa pomonana Treitsochke
(Schmet. Eur. Vol. 8. p. 161).
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The earliest reference on the chemical control
of codling moth: Simpson, M. H. 1850. Details of experiments with lime
in the culture of smooth-coated fruits during the years 1848 and 1849.
The Horticulturist 4, 565-568.
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1862 - old specific name restored - Carpocapsa
pomonella Harris.
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In 1889, an american entomologist M. V. Slingerland
observed in his investigation that most of the caterpillars of the codling
moth bore into the fruit through the calyx and feed first on the dry stamens
and pistils (Slingerland, M. V. 1898. The codling moth. Cornell Univ.Agric.Exp.Sta.
Bull. 142, 69) . Because of it, the so-called "calyx spray" was maintained
for a very long time in America (J. Smotavac, 1963. The biology of
the codling moth. NOLIT Publishing House, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 97pp)
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1897 - generic status was changed - new scientific
name: Cydia pomonella Walsingham
(Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 130)
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About one thousand scientific works and brochures
on the codling moth had been published in the world up to the First World
War (Bibliographie der Pflanzenschutzliteratur - cited by Minkiewicz,
St. 1939. Some observations on the biology and the development of codling
moth, Carpocapsa pomonella L.VII Internationaler Kongress fur Entomologie,
Vol. 4).
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In 1902, A. B. Cordley, an American scientist,
observed in his investigation that egg laying by female codling moth depends
on the temperature prevailing at the time of the moth's flight (Cordley,
A. B. 1902. The codling moth and late spraying in Oregon. Ore.Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul.
69, 121-160).
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From 1900 to 1920, in the USA the average
number of arsenical-type sprays/season for the control of codling moth
was 1 - 3, in 1920's 4-5, in 1930's 4-8 and in 1940's 6 -10. The
increase in application frequency was due to development of resistance
against lead arsenate, the primary agent used for the control of codling
moth (B.A. Croft and H. W. Riedl. 1991. Chemical control and
resistance to pesticides of the codling moth, pp. 371 - 387. In
L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis (eds.), Tortricid pest: their biology,
natural enemies and control. Elsvier, Amsterdam).
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In 1927, European entomologist R. Wiesmann proved
that the codling moth neonates bore equally in the stem cavity, on the
side of the fruit, and in the calyx, and that for successful protection
the whole fruit must be covered with insecticides, and not just the dried
calyx with stamens and pistils [Wiesmann R. 1927. Investigations on
the biology and control of the apple maggot, Cydia pomonella, in
1926-27 [De]. Schweiz. Ztschr.Obst-u.Weinbau 36, 508-519)].
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The first documented record of codling moth resistance
to lead arsenate in USA- Hough, W. S. 1928. Relative resistance
to arsenical poisoning of two codling moth strains. Journal of economic
entomology 21, 325-329.
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Lead Arsenate resistance was first reported from
the arid regions of western North America (e.g. Colorado, Washington)
[(1)- Hough, W. S.. 1928. Relative resistance to arsenical
poisoning of two codling moth strains. Journal of economic entomology 21,
325-329. (2)- Hough, W. S. 1929. Studies of the relative resistance
to arsenical poisoning of different strains of codling moth larvae. Jour.Agr.Res.
38, 245-256].
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1945 was the last year that lead arsenate was
the primary agent used for codling moth control (B.A.
Croft and H. W. Riedl. 1991. Chemical control and resistance to pesticides
of the codling moth, pp. 371 - 387. In L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis
(eds.), Tortricid pest: their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsvier,
Amsterdam).
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By 1946, DDT had largely replaced lead arsenate for codling moth control
in USA ((B.A. Croft and H. W. Riedl. 1991. Chemical control and resistance
to pesticides of the codling moth, pp. 371 - 387. In L.P.S. van der Geest
and H.H. Evenhuis (eds.), Tortricid pest: their biology, natural enemies
and control. Elsvier, Amsterdam).
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By mid-1950's, ethyl parathion, the first organophosphate to be used
in pome pest control, was added to codling moth control programs in USA
(B.A. Croft and H. W. Riedl. 1991. Chemical control and resistance to pesticides
of the codling moth, pp. 371 - 387. In L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis
(eds.), Tortricid pest: their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsvier,
Amsterdam).
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In 1951 - 52, growers' reports of DDT failing to control codling moth
in USA [(1)- Jenkins, L. 1952. Is there evidence of codling moth
resistance to DDT? Amer.Assoc.Econ.Ent., No.Cent.States Branch Proc. 7,
29. (2)- Cutright, C. R.. 1954. A codling moth population resistant
to DDT. Journal of economic entomology 47, 189-190].
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In 1954 , Laboratory and field tests confirmed DDT resistance in a codling
moth population in New York, USA [Glass, E. H. and B. Fiori. 1955.
Codling moth resistance to DDT in New York. Journal of economic entomology
48, 598-599].
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By 1955, lead arsenate resistance in Ohio
(USA) occurred in some 80 - 85% of commercial orchards (B.A. Croft
and H. W. Riedl. 1991. Chemical control and resistance to pesticides of
the codling moth, pp. 371 - 387. In L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis
(eds.), Tortricid pest: their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsvier,
Amsterdam).
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Mid-1950's to late-1950's: Oraganophosphate parathion started to be
used extensively for the control of codling moth (Barnes, M. M..
1959. Deciduous fruit insects and their control. Annual Review of
Entomology, 4: 353 - 362).
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Late-1950's to early-1960's - Several laboratory & field studies
suggested that organophosphate azinphosmethyl and carbamate carbaryl provided
better residual control as compared to parathion and other test insecticides
[(1) - Myburgh, A. C., H. Ballschmieter, and G. H. deSwardt. 1961.
Sevin and Gusathion residues on apples and pears. So.Africa Ent.Soc.Jour.
24, 310-314 (2)- Barnes, M. M. and H. R. Moffitt. 1963. Resistance
to DDT in the adult codling moth and reference curves for Guthion and carbaryl.
Journal of economic entomology 56, 722-725. (3)- Chiswell, J. R..
1963. Control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) with
azinphosethyl and DDT. East Malling Res.Sta.Rpt. 50, 112-116. (4) - Oatman,
E. R. and E. F. Legner. 1962. Integrated control of apple insects
and mite pests in Wisconsin. Proc.North Central Br.ESA 18, 6. (5) -Oatman,
E. R. and J. L. Libby. 1965. Progress on insecticidal control
of apple pests. Journal of economic entomology 58, 766-770pp.]
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July 1963 - First demonstration on attraction of extracts from female
codling moth to male codling moth (Yakima, Washington, USA)
(Butt, B. A. and D. O. Hathaway. 1966. Female sex pheromone
as attractant for male codling moths. Journal of economic entomology, 59:
476-477).
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First documented work on codling moth sex pheromones- Butt, B. A.
1964. Codling moth sex attractant. Special Report, AADFI, USDA, ARS.
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Isolation of the sex pheromones produced by the virgin female - reported
in 1969 (McDonough, L. M., D. A. George, B. A. Butt, M. Jacobson, and
G. R. Johnson. 1969. Isolation of a sex pheromone of the codling
moth. Journal of economic entomology, 62: 62-65).
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Artificial sex pheromone for codling moth synthesized- reported in 1969
(McDonough, L. M., D. A. George, and B. A. Butt. 1969.
Artificial sex pheromones for the codling moth. Journal of economic entomology,
62: 243-244).
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In 1971, Roelofs and co-workers identified Trans-8, trans-10- dodecadien-1-ol
as the main attractant compound of codling moth pheromone (Roelofs,
W. L., A. Comeau, A. S. Hill, and G. Milicevic. 1971. Sex attractant
of the codling moth: Characterization with electorantennogram technique.
Science 174, 297-299).
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Gut et al. (1981) estimated a direct cost of ca. $60/ha/year
for the suppression of codling moth by organophosphates in pears as compared
to ca. $450/ha/year in indirect cost attributable to their negative effects
on nontarget pests and natural enemies (Gut, L. J., P. H. Westigard,
W. J. Liss, and M. J. Willett. 1981. Biological control of pear psylla:
A potential within a potential. Wash.State Hortic. Assoc. Proc. 77, 194-198).
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Early Detailed Works on Codling Moth Morphology:
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Mature Larvae:
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Lopez, A. W. 1929. Morphological studies of
the head and mouthparts of the mature codling moth larva Carpocapsa
pomonella (L). Univ.Calif.Publ.in Entomol. 5, 9-36.
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Speyer, W. 1933. Kann sich die Obstmade (Cydia
pomonella L.) ausschliesslich von Blattern ernahren? Arbeiten aus der
Biologischen Reichsanstalt fur Land. und Forstwirtschaft (Berlin
- Dahlem) 2.
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Imago
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Lucchese, E.1938. [Contributions to the knowledge
of the Lepidoptera infesting apple. I. Cydia pomonella.] [It.].
Portici Zool.Lab.Bol. 30, 323-370.
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Female Genitalia, Egg and Embryonic Development
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Allmann, S. L. 1930. Studies of the anatomy and history
of the reproduction system of the female codling moth. Univ. Calif. Pub.
Entomology (Berkeley) 7: 135.
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Wiesmann, R. 1935. Untersuchungen uber den
weiblichen genitalapparat, das ei und die embronalentwicklung des apfelwicklers
Carpocapsa (Cydia) pomonella L. [De]. Mitt.Schweiz.Ent.Gesell.
16, 370-377.
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Some Early Studies on Parasites/Parasitoids of
Codling Moth:
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Lintner, J. A.. 1878. On Mermis acuminata
Leidy, a parasite of the larvae of Carpocapsa pomonella. N.Y. Mus.Nat.Hist.Ann.Rpt.for
1876, Ent.Contrib. 4, 5-14.
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Hendrick, W. P.. 1899. A wasp that destroys
the apple worm. Utah Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul. 64, 34-42.
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MacAlpine, D.. 1903. A fungus parasite
of the codling moth (Isaria farinosa (Dicks) Fr.). Victoria
Dept.Agr.Jour. 8, 434-436.
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Brodie, W. 1906. Parasitism of Carpocapsa
pomonella. Proc.entomol.soc.Ont. 37, 5-15.
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Froggatt, W. W.. 1906. Codling moth parasites.
N.S.Wales Agr.Gaz. 17, 387-395.
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Boselli. 1928. Ellenco delle specie d'insetti dannosi
e loro parasiti ricordati in Italia dal 1911 al 1925. Boll. Lab. Zool.Gen.
Agrar. Portici 1: 265.
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Thompson, W. R. 1930. The biology of insect and plant
pests. Farnhams Publishing House, London
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Rosenberg, H. T. 1934. The biology and distribution
in France of the larval parasites of Cydia pomonella. Ent.Res.Bul.
25, 201-256.
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Some Early Studies on Predators of Codling Moth:
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MacAtee, W. L.. 1912. Bird enemies of
the codling moth. U.S.Dept.Agr.Yearbook 1911, 237-246.
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Merrill, D. E.. 1917. A clerid larva
predacious on codling moth larvae. Journal of economic entomology 10, 461-464.
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Tillyard, R. J.. 1919. Studies in Australian
Neuroptera, No. 7. The life history of Psychopsis elegans (Guerin).
N.S.Wales Linn.Soc.Proc. 42, 787-818.
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Newcomer, E. J. and W. D. Whitcomb. 1924.
Life history of the codling moth in the Yakima Valley of Washington. USDA
Bull.No.1235 , 76.
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Berland, L.. 1929. Les forficules sont-elles
carnivores. France. Ent.Soc.Bul. 1929, 289-290.
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Some Early Studies on the Control of Codling Moth:
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Anonymous. 1846. Insects. [Bio-control
of codling moth.]. Amer.Agr. 5, 65-66.
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Lintner, J. A. 1878. On Mermis acuminata
Leidy, a parasite of the larvae of Carpocapsa pomonella. N.Y.Mus.Nat.Hist.Ann.Rpt.for
1876, Ent.Contrib. 4, 5-14.
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Cook, A. J. 1880. New methods of fighting
certain injurious insects. American entomologist 3, 263.
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Chapin, S. F. 1883. The codlin moth and
its suppression. Calif.Fruit Growers Conv.Rpt. 2, 17-25.
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Lintner, J. A. 1884. An attack
on the apple worm. Country Gentlemen 49, 897.
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Koebele, A.. 1890. Notes on the habits
of the codling moth and its enemies in California. U.S.Dept.Agr.Ent.Div.Bul.
22, 89-93.
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Riley, C. V. and L. O. Howard. 1890.
Sending the codling moth enemies from U. S. to New Zealand. Insect Life
3, 43.
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Beckwith, M. H. 1891. Injurious insects
and insecticides. Spray machinery. Del.Expt.Sta.Bul.
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Benson, A. H. 1892. How and when to spray
for codling moth and aphids on fruit trees. N.S.Wales Agr.Gaz. 3, 900-902.
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Hendrick, W. P. 1899. A wasp that destroys
the apple worm. Utah Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul. 64, 34-42.
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Cordley, A. B. 1902. The codling moth and late
spraying in Oregon. Ore.Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul. 69, 121-160.
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Jablonowski, J. 1902. [The codling moth and
its destruction.] [Hu]. Pallas Reszvenytarsasay Konyvsajtoja, Budapest.
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Sanderson, E. D. 1902. Remedies for the codling
moth. Del.Agr.Expt.Sta.Ann.Ent.Rpt. 13, 172-195.
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MacAlpine, D. 1903. A fungus parasite of the
codling moth (Isaria farinosa (Dicks) Fr.). Victoria Dept.Agr.Jour.
8, 434-436.
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Sanderson, E. D. 1903. Remedies for the
codling moth. Del.Agr.Expt.Sta.Ann.Ent.Rpt. 14, 172-195.
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Simpson, C. B. 1903. Control of the codling
moth. U.S.Dept.Agr.Farmers' Bul.
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Brodie, W. 1906. Parasitism of Carpocapsa
pomonella. Proc.entomol.soc.Ont. 37, 5-15.
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Froggatt, W. W. 1906. Codling moth parasites.
N.S.Wales Agr.Gaz. 17, 387-395.
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Marlatt, C. L. and W. A. Orton. 1906.
The control of the codling moth and apple scab. U.S.Dept.Agr.Farmers' Bul.
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Ball, E. D. 1907. The control of the
codling moth in the arid regions. U.S.Dept.Agr.Bur.Ent.Bul. 67, 55-77.
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Foster, S. W. 1908. Demonstration spraying
in Virginia in 1907. U.S.Dept.Agr.Bur.Ent.Bul. 68, 69-72.
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Gurney, W. B. 1908. Gosford-narara fruit fly
and codling moth control experiment. N.S.Wales Agr.Gaz. 19, 581-584.
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Buck, J. E. 1909. Wormy apples and how to prevent
them - results of spraying for codling moths in 1908. Va.Agr.Expt.Sta.Bul.
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Melander, A. L.. 1911. The control of
the codling moth. Wash.Expt.Sta.Bul.
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Quaintance, A. L., E. L. Jenne, E. W. Scott, and
R. W. Braucher. 1911. The one-spray method in the control of
the codling moth and the plum curculio. U.S.Dept.Agr.Bur.Ent.Bul. 80, 113-146.
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Quinn, G. 1911. Codlin moth control.
Further tests with lead arsenates. So.Austral.Dept.Agr.Bul. Unknown, Unknown.
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Foster, S. W.. 1912. Life history of
the codling moth and its control on pears in California. U.S.Dept.Agr.Bur.Ent.Bul.
97, 13-51.
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MacAtee, W. L.. 1912. Bird enemies of
the codling moth. U.S.Dept.Agr.Yearbook 1911, 237-246.
Newman, L. J.. 1912. Descriptive
account of the codling moth together with notes on its control. West.Austral.Dept.Agr.and
Indus Bul.
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Quaintance, A. L. and E. W. Scott. 1912.
The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio
(second report). U.S.Dept.Agr.Bur.Ent.Bul. 115, 87-112.
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Anonymous. 1913. [Failure with the parasite
(Pentarthron semblidis) of Cydia pomonella.] [Ru]. Agr.Turkestan
Monthly Jour. 1913, 1198-1200.
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Anonymous. 1913. [Parasites of Chloridea
and the codling moth.] [Ru]. Agr.Turkestan Monthly Jour. 1913, 810-813.
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Cushman, R. A.. 1913. The Calliephialtes parasite
of the codling moth. Jour.Agr.Res. 1, 211-237.
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Girault, A. A. 1913. Notes on the chalcidoid
Hymenoptera of the family Trichogrammatidae, with description of a new
sub-genus from Australia. Russe Ent.Rev. 13, 292-294.
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Radetsky, A. F. 1913. [Oophthora semblidis
Aur. (Pentarthron carpocapsae Ashm.): description, biology, and
utilization of it in the struggle with Carpocapsa pomonella L.]
[Ru]. [Turkestan Ent.Sta.Rpt.] Tashkent (1913).
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Crawford, J. C. 1914. Three new Hymenoptera
(Chalcidoidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington 2, 36-38.
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Kamber, A.. 1914. [The fight against
pests of orchards by means of Djipsin.] [Ru]. [The Fruit-Grower], Rostov-on-Don
9, 715-717.
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Quaintance, A. L. 1914. The control of
the codling moth in the Pecos Valley in New Mexico. U.S.Dept.Agr.Bul.
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Sevastianov, I. 1914. [The immediate
prospects of the Turkestan Entomological Station in the study of and the
fight against Cydia pomonella.] [Ru]. Agr.Turkestan (Tashkent)
1914, 727-740.
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Stcherbakov, T. 1914. [On the parasite
of the eggs of Cydia pomonella and the investigation of them by
A. Radetzky.] [Ru]. [Memoirs, Simferopol Branch Imp.Russian Soc.Hort.]
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Cushman, R. A.. 1915. Description of
new Ichneumonidae and taxonomic notes. Washington Ent.Soc.Proc. 17, 132-142.
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Cushman, R. A.. 1915. Descriptions of
six new species of Ichneumon flies. U.S.Natl.Mus.Proc. 48, 507-513.
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Lyne, W. H.. 1915. The control of incipient
infestation of codling moth in a new district. Brit.Columbia Ent.Soc.Proc.
7, 11-13.